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B2–C1 · 22 patterns

Academic English patterns for evidence, uncertainty, and research questions

Turn evidence into careful claims, frame researchable questions, attribute sources, and control uncertainty in academic or analytical writing and discussion.

01 · Use it when you need to

Communication goals

  1. 01

    frame a research question from incomplete evidence

  2. 02

    attribute a claim to its source

  3. 03

    qualify a conclusion without making it meaningless

02 · Study sets

Study the topic from these validated sets

01Academic and research questionsTurn evidence and uncertainty into researchable questions. · QACA02Evidence and inferenceConnect a claim to evidence without overclaiming. · EVD03Qualification and hedgingMake precise, proportionate claims. · HED04Reported speech and attributionReport what people said with accuracy. · REP

03 · Pattern examples

Start with a reusable structure

This is an editorial sample. The linked study sets contain the complete topic collection.

01What evidence would show that [X]?What evidence would show that the team needs another day to decide? · DE: Welche Belege würden zeigen, dass das Team einen weiteren Tag für die Entscheidung braucht?02How could we test whether [X]?How could we test whether the team needs another day to decide? · DE: Wie könnten wir prüfen, ob das Team einen weiteren Tag für die Entscheidung braucht?03Which question would help explain why [X]?Which question would help explain why the team needs another day to decide? · DE: Welche Frage würde helfen zu erklären, warum das Team einen weiteren Tag für die Entscheidung braucht?04What data would we need to decide if [X]?What data would we need to decide if the team needs another day to decide? · DE: Welche Daten bräuchten wir, um zu entscheiden, ob das Team einen weiteren Tag für die Entscheidung braucht?05The available evidence suggests that [X], although [Y]The available evidence suggests that the new reminder system reduced missed appointments, although the sample covers only three clinics. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass das neue Erinnerungssystem die Zahl verpasster Termine gesenkt hat, obwohl die Stichprobe nur drei Kliniken umfasst.06[X] is necessary but not sufficient for [Y]Clean source data **is necessary but not sufficient for** reliable automation. · DE: Saubere Quelldaten **sind notwendig, aber nicht hinreichend für** zuverlässige Automatisierung.07[X] alone is not enough to [Y]One successful test **alone is not enough to** prove the process is robust. · DE: Ein erfolgreicher Test **allein reicht nicht aus, um** zu beweisen, dass der Prozess robust ist.08[X] suggests that [Y], but it doesn't prove itThe repeated timeout **suggests that** the queue is overloaded, **but it doesn't prove it**. · DE: Die wiederholte Zeitüberschreitung **deutet darauf hin, dass** die Queue überlastet ist, **beweist es aber nicht**.09[X] is consistent with [Y], but it could also mean [Z]The missing record **is consistent with** a replication failure, **but it could also mean** the source never created it. · DE: Der fehlende Datensatz **passt zu** einem Replikationsfehler, **könnte aber auch bedeuten, dass** die Quelle ihn nie erstellt hat.10One possibility is that [X]; another is that [Y]**One possibility is that** the event was delayed; **another is that** it was never emitted. · DE: **Eine Möglichkeit ist, dass** das Ereignis verspätet war; **eine andere ist, dass** es nie erzeugt wurde.11We cannot rule out [X]**We cannot rule out** a source-side change. · DE: **Wir können** eine Änderung auf Quellseite **nicht ausschließen**.12If [X] were true, we would expect [Y]**If** the queue **were** the bottleneck, **we would expect** delays across several message types. · DE: **Wenn** die Queue der Engpass **wäre, würden wir** Verzögerungen bei mehreren Nachrichtentypen **erwarten**.13For [X] to be true, [Y] would need to be the case**For** a retry **to be** the cause, **the duplicate would need to** appear after the first failure. · DE: **Damit** ein Retry die Ursache **ist, müsste** das Duplikat nach dem ersten Fehler auftreten.14This explains [X], but it doesn't explain [Y]The retry theory **explains** the duplicate, **but it doesn't explain** the missing first event. · DE: Die Retry-Theorie **erklärt** das Duplikat, **aber nicht** das fehlende erste Ereignis.15[X], whereas [Y]The pilot optimizes for speed, **whereas** the production design prioritizes recoverability. · DE: Der Pilot ist auf Geschwindigkeit optimiert, **wohingegen** das Produktivdesign die Wiederherstellbarkeit priorisiert.16Compared with [X], [Y] offers [Z]**Compared with** a free-form log, an event profile **offers** explicit expected steps and deadlines. · DE: **Im Vergleich zu** einem freien Protokoll **bietet** ein Ereignisprofil explizite erwartete Schritte und Fristen.17[X] may be true for [Y], but not for [Z]That rule **may be true for** new records, **but not for** migrated ones. · DE: Diese Regel **mag für** neue Datensätze **gelten, aber nicht für** migrierte.18That assumes that [X], which may not hold**That assumes that** every missing event is an interface failure, **which may not hold**. · DE: **Das setzt voraus, dass** jedes fehlende Ereignis ein Schnittstellenfehler ist, **was möglicherweise nicht zutrifft**.19A useful test would be whether [X]**A useful test would be whether** the delay begins before or after the replication step. · DE: **Ein sinnvoller Test wäre, ob** die Verzögerung vor oder nach dem Replikationsschritt beginnt.20I would revise [X] if [Y]I **would revise** the current conclusion **if** the same failure appeared with a clean configuration. · DE: Ich **würde** die aktuelle Schlussfolgerung **neu bewerten, wenn** derselbe Fehler bei einer sauberen Konfiguration aufträte.21It would be premature to conclude that [X] before [Y]It would be premature to conclude that the pilot has failed before we separate onboarding errors from product defects. · DE: Es wäre verfrüht zu schließen, dass das Pilotprojekt gescheitert ist, bevor wir Onboardingfehler von Produktmängeln getrennt haben.22[X] stressed that [Y] rather than [Z]The auditor stressed that the main weakness was inconsistent access reviews rather than a lack of security policies. · DE: Die Prüferin betonte, dass die größte Schwachstelle in uneinheitlichen Zugriffsprüfungen und nicht in fehlenden Sicherheitsrichtlinien lag.

04 · Related paths

Continue by communication goal

01Argumentation and evidenceBuild claims, connect them to evidence, and explain causes and consequences with reusable B2–C1 sentence patterns.02Opinions, stance, and hedgingState a position, control how strongly you commit to it, and discuss uncertainty without making vague claims.03Reported speech and attributionReport what someone said, separate a source from your own position, and preserve the strength of the original claim.

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Pattern PracticeFind a pattern you can reuseContinue through a canonical Metkagram learning surface already linked from this page.Pattern AtlasB2–C1 Pattern Atlas for advanced English and GermanContinue through a canonical Metkagram learning surface already linked from this page.Pattern PracticeAcademic and research questionsContinue through a canonical Metkagram learning surface already linked from this page.