B2–C1 · 175 patterns

Academic English patterns for evidence, uncertainty, and research questions

Turn evidence into careful claims, frame researchable questions, attribute sources, and control uncertainty in academic or analytical writing and discussion.

01 · Use it when you need to

Communication goals

01
frame a research question from incomplete evidence
02
attribute a claim to its source
03
qualify a conclusion without making it meaningless

02 · Study sets

Study the topic from these validated sets

01Academic and research questionsTurn evidence and uncertainty into researchable questions. · QACA 02Evidence and inferenceConnect a claim to evidence without overclaiming. · EVD 03Qualification and hedgingMake precise, proportionate claims. · HED 04Reported speech and attributionReport what people said with accuracy. · REP

03 · Pattern examples

Start with a reusable structure

This is an editorial sample. The linked study sets contain the complete topic collection.

01The available evidence points to [a funding proposal] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to a funding proposal as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass einen Förderantrag ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.02The available evidence points to [a delayed product launch] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to a delayed product launch as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass eine verspätete Produkteinführung ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.03The available evidence points to [the team’s research findings] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to the team’s research findings as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass die Forschungsergebnisse des Teams ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.04The available evidence points to [a customer complaint] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to a customer complaint as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass eine Kundenbeschwerde ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.05The available evidence points to [a public-transport plan] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to a public-transport plan as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass einen Plan für den Nahverkehr ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.06The available evidence points to [a difficult staffing decision] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to a difficult staffing decision as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass eine schwierige Personalentscheidung ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.07The available evidence points to [the revised budget] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to the revised budget as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass das überarbeitete Budget ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.08The available evidence points to [an accessibility requirement] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to an accessibility requirement as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass eine Anforderung an Barrierefreiheit ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.09The available evidence points to [a cross-border partnership] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to a cross-border partnership as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass eine grenzüberschreitende Partnerschaft ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.10The available evidence points to [the first pilot results] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to the first pilot results as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass die ersten Ergebnisse des Pilotprojekts ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.11The available evidence points to [a neighbourhood meeting] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to a neighbourhood meeting as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass ein Treffen im Stadtteil ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.12The available evidence points to [a climate-adaptation project] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to a climate-adaptation project as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass ein Klimaanpassungsprojekt ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.13The available evidence points to [a sensitive policy change] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to a sensitive policy change as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass eine sensible Regeländerung ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.14The available evidence points to [the quarterly forecast] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to the quarterly forecast as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass die Quartalsprognose ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.15The available evidence points to [a mentoring conversation] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to a mentoring conversation as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass ein Mentoring-Gespräch ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.16The available evidence points to [a data-security review] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to a data-security review as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass eine Datenschutzprüfung ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.17The available evidence points to [a conference presentation] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to a conference presentation as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass einen Konferenzvortrag ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.18The available evidence points to [a supplier contract] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to a supplier contract as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass einen Lieferantenvertrag ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.19The available evidence points to [a community health initiative] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to a community health initiative as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass eine Gesundheitsinitiative im Quartier ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.20The available evidence points to [a university curriculum] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to a university curriculum as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass ein Hochschulcurriculum ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.21The available evidence points to [a housing-development plan] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to a housing-development plan as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass einen Wohnungsbauplan ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.22The available evidence points to [a service outage] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to a service outage as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass einen Dienstausfall ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.23The available evidence points to [a museum exhibition] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to a museum exhibition as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass eine Museumsausstellung ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.24The available evidence points to [a volunteer programme] as a meaningful factor.The available evidence points to a volunteer programme as a meaningful factor. · DE: Die verfügbaren Belege deuten darauf hin, dass ein Freiwilligenprogramm ein wesentlicher Faktor ist.

04 · Related paths

Continue by communication goal

01Argumentation and evidenceBuild claims, connect them to evidence, and explain causes and consequences with reusable B2–C1 sentence patterns.02Opinions, stance, and hedgingState a position, control how strongly you commit to it, and discuss uncertainty without making vague claims.03Reported speech and attributionReport what someone said, separate a source from your own position, and preserve the strength of the original claim.