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B2–C1 · GFO · 20 patterns

German-led grammatical flexibility

Compare how English and German express german-led grammatical flexibility. Practise reusable constructions with Russian translations.

01 · How to use this set

Start from the communication job

Compare how English and German express german-led grammatical flexibility. Practise reusable constructions with Russian translations.

Read the frame, try to complete your own sentence before opening an example, then compare the English structure with its German parallel. The point is retrieval and choice, not passive list reading.

02 · Representative patterns

Start with these reusable frames

A compact sample from the 20 patterns in this study set.

01Subject + do/does not need to + infinitiveYou do not need to print the ticket. · German parallel: Subject + brauchen + nicht/kein + zu-infinitive02Affected object + can be + past participle + manner/contextThis error can be corrected without changing the original. · German parallel: Affected object + lässt/lassen sich + bare infinitive03Affected object + must be + passive participleThe original must be kept in a safe place. · German parallel: Affected object + ist/sind + obligation context + zu-infinitive04Actor + be required to + infinitiveAll visitors are required to sign in at reception. · German parallel: Actor + hat/haben + zu-infinitive05Affected object + ought to be + passive participleThis assumption ought to be checked. · German parallel: Affected object + gehört/gehören + past participle06Recipient + was/were + giving/showing passive + information/objectShe was given a detailed explanation of the process. · German parallel: Recipient + bekam/bekamen + accusative object + past participle

03 · Complete set

Browse every pattern

The canonical list follows below. Every pattern has a stable ID and its own page for examples, translation, and reuse.

01Subject + do/does not need to + infinitiveGFO001 · Subject + do/does not need to + infinitive / Subject + brauchen + nicht/kein + zu-infinitive02Affected object + can be + past participle + manner/contextGFO002 · Affected object + can be + past participle + manner/context / Affected object + lässt/lassen sich + bare infinitive03Affected object + must be + passive participleGFO003 · Affected object + must be + passive participle / Affected object + ist/sind + obligation context + zu-infinitive04Actor + be required to + infinitiveGFO004 · Actor + be required to + infinitive / Actor + hat/haben + zu-infinitive05Affected object + ought to be + passive participleGFO005 · Affected object + ought to be + passive participle / Affected object + gehört/gehören + past participle06Recipient + was/were + giving/showing passive + information/objectGFO006 · Recipient + was/were + giving/showing passive + information/object / Recipient + bekam/bekamen + accusative object + past participle07Subject + be said to have + past participleGFO007 · Subject + be said to have + past participle / Subject + soll/sollen + past participle + haben/sein08Subject + claim(s) + perfect infinitiveGFO008 · Subject + claim(s) + perfect infinitive / Subject + will/wollen + past participle + haben/sein09Subject + probably + ordinary predicateGFO009 · Subject + probably + ordinary predicate / Subject + dürfte/dürften + bare infinitive10Subject + may + infinitive, but + contrasting clauseGFO010 · Subject + may + infinitive, but + contrasting clause / Subject + mag/mögen + infinitive, aber + contrast11Main action + depending on whether + clauseGFO011 · Main action + depending on whether + clause / Main clause + je nachdem, ob + subordinate clause12Main clause + unless + exception clauseGFO012 · Main clause + unless + exception clause / Main clause, es sei denn, + subject + finite verb + rest13Main judgement, especially since + supporting reasonGFO013 · Main judgement, especially since + supporting reason / Main clause, zumal + subordinate clause with final verb14Subject + be + all the more + adjective + because + reasonGFO014 · Subject + be + all the more + adjective + because + reason / Subject + sein + umso + comparative, als + subordinate reason15Subject + expect + embedded subject + to-infinitiveGFO015 · Subject + expect + embedded subject + to-infinitive / Subject + rechnen + damit, dass + subordinate clause16What matters is whether + finite clauseGFO016 · What matters is whether + finite clause / Es kommt darauf an, ob + subordinate clause17Main clause + because + subject + past/perfect necessity or ability predicateGFO017 · Main clause + because + subject + past/perfect necessity or ability predicate / Main clause, weil + subject + hat/haben/hatte(n) + main infinitive + modal infinitive18Subject + had arranged for + object + to be + past participleGFO018 · Subject + had arranged for + object + to be + past participle / Subject + hatte(n) + object + bare infinitive + lassen19Noun + past participle + expanded complement + main predicateGFO019 · Noun + past participle + expanded complement + main predicate / Article + complement + inflected past participle + noun + main predicate20Noun + to be + passive participle + main predicateGFO020 · Noun + to be + passive participle + main predicate / Article + zu + inflected present participle + noun + predicate